만약 이 내용만으로 카트라이트가 에세이를 끝냈다면, 전형적인 허수아비치기로 보일 가능성이 높습니다.
카트라이트는 2절에서 벡터합에 대해서 다음과 같이 논합니다.
The vector addition story is, I admit, a nice one. But it is just a metaphor. We add forces (or the numbers that represent forces) when we do calculations. Nature does not 'add' forces. For the 'component' forces are not there, in any but a metaphorical sense, to be added; and the laws that say they are there must also be given a metaphorical reading.
These laws, I claim, do not satisfy the facticity requirement. They appear, on the face of it, to describe what bodies do: in the one case, the two bodies produce a force of size Gmm′/r^2; in the other, they produce a force of size qq′/r^2. But this cannot literally be so. For the force of size Gmm′/r^2 and the force of size qq′/r^2. are not real, occurrent forces. In interaction a single force occurs - the force we call the 'resultant' - and this force is neither the force due to gravity nor the electric force. On the vector addition story, the gravitational and the electric force are both produced, yet neither exists.
카트라이트가 뉴턴의 중력법칙과 쿨롱의 법칙이 '거짓'이라고 할 때의 그것은 이것입니다. 힘=중력+전자기력으로 계산할 수는 있지만, 어떤 의미에서 중력과 전자기력의 효과만 순수하게 볼 수가 없다는 의미에서, '거짓'이라고 이야기하는 것입니다. 그러니까 뉴턴의 중력법칙과 쿨롱의 법칙이 카트라이트에게 '거짓'인 진짜 중요한 이유에 대한 설명은, 그 각각이 전체적인 '힘'을 설명 못한다는 것으로 끝나는 것이 아니라 (이 내용만으로 끝났다면 진짜 허수아비치기죠.) '중력'과 '전자기력'이 함께 작용한다는 것 자체가 일종의 비유, 모형이기 때문입니다.
3절에서 카트라이트는 좀 더 자세히 다룹니다. 타켓은 Lewis Creary의 다음 주장입니다.
On Creary's account, Coulomb's law and the law of gravity come out true because they correctly describe what influences are produced—here, the force due to gravity and the force due to electricity. The vector addition law then combines the separate influences to predict what motions will occur.
이 주장에 대한 카트라이트의 반응은 다음과 같습니다.
This seems to me to be a plausible account of how a lot of causal explanation is structured. But as a defence of the truth of fundamental laws, it has two important drawbacks. First, in many cases there are no general laws of interaction. Dynamics, with its vector addition law, is quite special in this respect. This is not to say that there are no truths about how this specific kind of cause combines with that, but rather that theories can seldom specify a procedure that works from one case to another. Without that, the collection of fundamental laws loses the generality of application which Creary's proposal hoped to secure. The classical study of irreversible processes provides a good example of a highly successful theory that has this failing. Flow processes like diffusion, heat transfer, or electric current ought to be studied by the transport equations of statistical mechanics. But usually, the model for the distribution functions and the details of the transport equations are too complex: the method is unusable.
The causal influences themselves are the second big drawback to Creary's approach. Consider our original example. Creary changes it somewhat from the way I originally set it up. I had presumed that the aim was to explain the size and direction of a resultant force. Creary supposes that it is not a resultant force but a consequent motion which is to be explained. This allows him to deny the reality of the resultant force. We are both agreed that there cannot be three forces present - two components and a resultant. But I had assumed the resultant, whereas Creary urges the existence of the components. [...] I am not opposed to them because of any general objection to theoretical entities, but rather because I think every new theoretical entity which is admitted should be grounded in experimentation, which shows up its causal structure in detail. Creary's influences seem to me just to be shadow occurrences which stand in for the effects we would like to see but cannot in fact find.
카트라이트의 반응은 (1) 공학적으로 수많은 입자들의 모형을 계산할 때 쓰는 통계역학 (예를 들면, S=klnW 같은 것)이 뉴턴의 중력법칙 내지 쿨롱의 법칙 등으로 환원될 수 있는지에 대해 의문을 품는 것이고, (2) 각 힘의 '실재성'에 의문을 품는 것입니다.
다만, '중력'이나 '전자기력'에 대해서 그렇게 근본적인 identity라고 생각하는 사람이 얼마나 있을까 생각이 들기는 합니다. (현대물리학에서도 힘은 근본적인 것이라기 보다는 현상론적인 것이죠. 대표적으로, 일반상대론에서 '중력'은 가짜힘(fictitious force)이니까요.)